Archimedes, Scholar of antiquity (Syracuse 287 BC to 212 BC, Syracuse), is an emblematic figure of ancient Greek science, as illustrated both by important discoveries in mathematics and physics through a series of very ingenious inventions.
Archimedes, a disciple of the school of Alexandria:
Son of the astronomer Phidias - who had calculated the ratio between the sizes of the Sun and the Moon - and perhaps related to Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, Archimedes was in his youth under the influence, while considerable, the school of Alexandria. It is likely that he will even stay iGreek mathematician Euclid and Conon of Samos. Perhaps he also went to Spain, but he returned to his hometown and goes to leave. He saw in the entourage that protect sovereign and free from any material he can devote himself to scientific research, exercising his talents in fields as diverse as geometry, physics and mechanics. There is no direct testimony about his life, but only later accounts, including those of the Roman historian Livy and Plutarch's Greek.in this city of Egypt and to follow the teaching of the
Mathematician Archimedes:
Archimedes is primarily a surveyor. It is the first in his book " On the measurement of the Circle", to give a method for obtaining an approximation as large as we want the number π, by measuring regular polygons circumscribed to a circle or enrolled in the it; using polygons 96 sides, it provides a value of π between 22/7 and 223/71. In his treatise "On the sphere and Cylinder", it shows that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of the circumscribed cylinder. It gives even the discovery of particular importance, since it requires a representation of a cylinder circumscribing a sphere is engraved on his tombstone. In Arénaire Archimedes seeks to calculate the number of grains of sand in the universe, as it imagines, to represent as many (around 1063), he perfected the numeral system Greek, which uses letters, calling for exhibitors. He finds the formulas of addition and subtraction arcs, calculates the area of a parabolic segment, a sector of the spiral bearing his name, cylinder, sphere, etc.. In his treatise on the spheroids and the conoid, he studied ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids of revolution. His research on tangents and quadratures led him to consider the differential and integral calculus, developed two thousand years later by the English and the German Leibniz Newton (→ Analysis [MATH]).
Physicist Archimedes(Mechanical, optical, hydrostatic):
In physics, buoyancy is the founder of the static solid, with its rule of composition of forces and the center of gravity theory. In his first book, On the equilibrium of plans, it gives a theory of the lever: by abstraction, it reduces the instrument to a segment in which three points are applied forces are balanced, it shows also that the balance is not in a particular case. Archimedes lays the foundations of hydrostatics, in his treatise on floating bodies. It shows that the surface of still water is a portion of a sphere whose center coincides with that of the Earth.
Reflection of a light beam:
Besides his works already mentioned, you can report the Catoptrics, study the reflection of light, Polyhedra, Method, letter to Eratosthenes and works now lost, the Sphéropée, dealing Applied Mechanics and Principles, dedicated to a certain Zeuxippus. In spite of the advice of the tyrant Hieron of Syracuse, who undertook to direct its activity towards applications, Archimedes, like other Greek scholars of his time, was particularly interested in basic research. But unlike his colleagues, for whom the value of a theory is measured according to aesthetic criteria, he was the first to make a constant appeal to the control experiment (→ science).
"Archimedes' principle (The Law of Floating):
The Roman architect Vitruvius relates the strange circumstances in which Archimedes had discovered the famous principle that bears his name (→ Archimedes' principle). King Hieron II commissioned a craftsman and a golden crown had provided the precious metal required. Although the completed object should present the same weight as gold, Hiero suspected the man to have substituted money for a certain amount of gold. He expressed his concern Archimedes; asking if he could discover the fraud, while retaining the crown intact. The scientist, meditating on this problem, was struck, taking a bath, lower weight than its members suffered under water. He realized that this weight loss equivalent to the weight of the displaced water. And in the excitement of this discovery, he would have rushed naked into the street, shouting "Eureka, eureka!"(" I found it, I found it! "). Simultaneously by immersing in water crown and a gold ingot of the same mass, kept in balance with a steelyard, Archimedes could measure the weight difference apparent between the two objects and prove that the goldsmith had committed a fraud.
Archimedes the Engineer:
Eminent scholar, both theorist and experimentalist, Archimedes is also an outstanding engineer. One of his most famous inventions is the worm, also called today Archimedes screw, a propeller rotating around its axis and moves very diverse materials, such as water or slurry paper. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus says he designed this device for directing the Nile on the grounds that the flooding was not possible to achieve, it seems that he also used to propel a ship commissioned by Hiero. Archimedes also introduced a bolt formed by a screw and a nut, and the gear wheel.
The defense of Syracuse (Roman catapult):
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