Before Notre Dame:
In antiquity, the first century of our era, there was already at the eastern tip of "the Ile de la Cité " a kind of temple dedicated to Jupiter by the boat in Paris. Votive stone (Pillar nuts, now preserved in the museum of Cluny Museum of the Middle Ages, Paris) was found in 1711, under the choir of Notre-Dame.
The Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris:
On this site, the Christians in turn built a basilica. It is indicated that, as existing in the fourth century, Childbirth I, King of the Franks, rebuilt it two hundred years later (Merovingian plan appeared during excavations in 1965). Then, another smaller church, very close to the first, was established and these two buildings, one dedicated to St. Stephen, the other to the Virgin Mary (or Notre Dame), and a baptistery, constitute the first Episcopal in Paris. It is assumed that because of the Norman invasions and destruction of Sainte-Marie by fire that those two have become long cathedral of Saint-Étienne.
Processions of "Notre Dame de Paris":
During the twelfth century, in France, the bishops very close to the royal power funded the modern cathedral to be remodeled on the Gothic fashion. Thus, around 1160, the Bishop of Paris Maurice de Sullydecided to build a new church for the diocese of Paris. The first stone was laid in 1163 by Pope Alexander III and King Louis VII. The choir was completed in 1177, the transept and the nave in 1196. At the end of the twelfth century, the cult is probably already celebrated in the unfinished building.The construction of Notre-Dame de Paris continued under the reign of Saint Louis (between 1226 and 1270). The façade and the towers were completed in the second quarter of the thirteenth century. Chapels, not envisaged in the original plan, were added between the buttresses of the nave towards 1235-1250. The architects Jean de Chelles and Jean Ravy amount chapels round the choir (late thirteenth century or early fourteenth century), thus completing the construction of the medieval building.The cathedral was therefore constructed at the first two periods of Gothic style: the "lancelet" Philip Augustus and the "beaming" of St. Louis, she is one of the most remarkable specimens. If the cathedral still stands today, it is not just the buildings that adjoined the Middle Ages: the North, the baptistery and cloister (Saint-Jean-le-Rondo) and in the South, the Archbishop's Palace have now disappeared.
Degradation and restoration:
Notre Dame became metropolitan church in the seventeenth century, with the transformation of the diocese of Paris as archdiocese. During the revolutionary period, the monument dedicated to the worship of Reason (1793), and that of the Supreme Being (1794), were finally transformed into a food store. Much of the furniture and sculpture was destroyed. This is the case, in particular, in the gallery of statues of kings representing the rulers of Judah and Israel, but we think they were that time portraits of the kings of France. The statues are so low as to put in 1793 and as intended as a stone quarry. We found many fragments (including 21 heads), by chance, in 1977, when working in the yard of a mansion on the right bank, and they were buried there in 1796, after their surrender. These fragments are now in the museum of Cluny.
View of Notre Dame 1830:
From 1845, extensive reconstruction works were executed under the direction of Jean-Baptist Lassos and Eugene Violet-le-Ducwhich lasted until 1879. The exterior facades of the cathedral were restored, statuary rebuilt or completely remodeled (this is the famous case of chimeras of balustrade) and the arrow was rebuilt on a different model from the first (dismantled between 1786 and 1792).
Cathedral today:
The main façade, 40 meters long, facing westward on the Place du Paris Notre-Dame, has a remarkable unity of composition. Three doors are open: the Virgin (left), the Last Judgment (center), and that of Sainte-Anne (right). Figurines of angels and saints fill the arches, while in the foundations thrive, reliefs are devoted to the Occupation of the month, representing the Virtues and Vices.
The doors are surmounted by two galleries - the Kings and the Virgin. The last gallery, extremely lightweight, connects two towers between which a large central rose blossoms, flanked by two twin bays. On this front, all large statues, dating from the restoration, carried out in the nineteenth century. However, most of the tympanum of the door Sainte-Anne dates from the twelfth century and the other two doors retain the thirteenth century reliefs on the eardrums, the arches and foundations.
Buttresses of Notre-Dame, Paris
The two sides of the transept portals include the middle of the thirteenth century: they are the work of Jean de Chelles (north façade, 1250) and Pierre de Montreuil (south facade, facing the Montaigne Sainte-Genevieve, around 1260). One can see the pier of the north gate, the only large statue preserved since that date, as an elegant Madonna and Child. The south portal is curious bas-reliefs illustrating the life of students. Unlike the tall windows, large roses both transept facades (like the west facade) have retained some of their old stained glass windows dating from the thirteenth century.
Spire of Notre-Dame, Paris:
Above the choir rises the spire built in the nineteenth century. The apse, it is clear that most of the left bank, is a masterpiece of elegance and proportions, thanks to the lightness of the buttresses that supports: the vision of the apse of Notre- Lady evokes a ship with ropes, its masts and sails, which explains the comparison often made with a "stone ship".
The garden, surrounding the bedside, formerly called "the Archbishop", occupies the site of the former archiepiscopal palace. You can see a small red door surrounded by delicate sculptures (it is the one that connects the cloister and the choir of the cathedral) in the center of the garden. The fountain of Notre Dame was designed in the Gothic style of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; however, it dates the restoration works carried in the nineteenth century.
Queen Marie Antoinette going to Notre Dame:
The cathedral has double aisles, forums, arches and clerestory sexpartite which were enlarged in the thirteenth century. The interior consists of a hand, a wide nave, with side aisles and thirty-seven side chapels of the choir on the other hand, separated by a large gallery of the chapels of the apes. The choir is largely enclosed by a fence; the outside offers a variety of polychrome bas-reliefs in stone, made by Jean and John Ravi Bouteiller (1351). The closing followed the rood screen, now defunct, and continued on the rotating part of the choir.
Treasury and bells:
The cathedral treasury now contains a relic of first importance for Christians: it is the supposed Crown of Thorns purchased by Saint Louis to the Emperor Constantine, for which the King of France ordered the construction of a monument reliquary shrine that also worked as the Sainte Chappell.
The ringer of Notre-Dame de Paris was renewed in February-March 2013, the anniversary of 850 years of the cathedral eight new bells were installed in the North Tower, a new bell (named Mary) in the south tower, the sides of the Bumblebee Emmanuel, which dates from the seventeenth century.
Part of a masterpiece:
Victor Hugo's novel, Notre-Dame de Paris, published in 1831, is a hymn to the glory of the Parisian cathedral. In addition to having inspired the work, it is seen as the true center. The melodramatic adventures of Esmeralda, Quasimodo and Claude Frollo had for under the Paris of the fifteenth century. Victor Hugo offer with this great historical novel reconstitution living in the center of which stands the cathedral and exalts the beauty of Gothic art.
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